📖Benjamin Graham

Bond-Stock Ratio

🌳 Advanced★★★★★

Maintain a flexible stock-bond allocation between 25-75% to adapt to changing market valuations.

💬

The investor should never have less than 25% or more than 75% of his funds in common stocks.

— _The Intelligent Investor_，1949

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Just as traditional Chinese medicine emphasizes the balance between yin and yang, an investment portfolio requires a balance between stocks (offense) and bonds (defense). Stocks are like chili peppers—they bring excitement and returns, but too much can cause "overheating." Bonds are like plain congee—mild and stable, but relying solely on them lacks sufficient nourishment. The optimal mix is to allocate between one-quarter and three-quarters to "chili peppers," ensuring both flavor and physical well-being.

📖 Core Interpretation

Maintain a balanced allocation between stocks and bonds, with the equity proportion ranging from 25% to 75%.
💎 Key Insight：This mechanical rule prevents emotional extremes. At 25% minimum stock allocation, you maintain market participation even in fear; at 75% maximum, you avoid full exposure during euphoria. Adjust within this range based on valuation levels, moving toward bonds when stocks are expensive and vice versa.

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❓ Why It Matters

Balanced allocation reduces overall risk and provides protection across different market environments.

🎯 How to Practice

Adjust the allocation ratio based on market valuation levels—reduce stock holdings when prices are high and increase them when prices are low.

🎙️ Master's Voice

The intelligent investor is a realist who sells to optimists and buys from pessimists.
Graham describes the intelligent investor as a pragmatic trader of sentiment. Buy when others are pessimistic and selling cheap; sell when others are optimistic and paying too much.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Am I buying from pessimists?
  • Am I selling to optimists?
  • Am I being realistic about value?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Buy during periods of pessimism
  2. Sell during periods of optimism
  3. Maintain realistic valuations

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Buying from optimists
  • Selling to pessimists
  • Following the emotional crowd

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕This rule requires adaptation to modern circumstances.
✕However, the core principles remain valid.

📚 Case Studies

1
Oil Crisis Allocation Shift (1973)
An investor using Graham’s bond-stock ratio kept at least 50% in bonds as stocks soared pre-1973, then rebalanced when markets fell during the 1973–74 crash.
✨ Outcome：Losses were cushioned, portfolio volatility reduced, and capital preserved for later equity recovery.
2
Dot-Com Bubble Discipline (2000)
A cautious investor capped stocks at 75% per Graham’s guidance, shifting gains into bonds during the tech mania of 1998–2000.
✨ Outcome：When the bubble burst, the portfolio declined far less than the market and bonds funded gradual stock purchases at cheaper prices.

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