📖Warren Buffett

Margin of Safety

🌿 Intermediate★★★★★

Demand a significant discount to intrinsic value before buying — that gap is your protection.

💬

We insist on a margin of safety in our purchase price. If we calculate the value of a common stock to be only slightly higher than its price, we're not interested in buying.

— Berkshire Hathaway 1992 Letter to Shareholders，1992

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Just as you would negotiate the price when buying a house—even if it's worth 1 million, you should aim to buy it for 800,000—that 200,000 difference is your margin of safety. If the housing market declines or you've misjudged, you won't lose too much. The same principle applies to stock investing: never buy at the "listed price"; always leave ample room for safety.

📖 Core Interpretation

The margin of safety is a core concept in Benjamin Graham's value investing philosophy. The gap between the purchase price and the intrinsic value serves as the cornerstone for successful investing.
💎 Key Insight：Margin of safety is the bridge between theory and practice. Even the best analyst can miscalculate intrinsic value, so Buffett insists on paying substantially less. If you calculate a stock is worth $100, don't buy at $95 — wait for $60 or $70. The bigger the margin, the less your analysis needs to be perfect.

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❓ Why It Matters

  • 1. Valuation is not an exact science; your calculations may be flawed.
  • 2. The future is inherently uncertain.
  • 3. Buy at a significant discount so that even if you are wrong, the downside is limited.

    • 🎯 How to Practice

    Buffett uses a bridge analogy: "When you build a bridge, you ensure it can carry 30,000 pounds, but you only allow 10,000-pound trucks to cross." The general recommendation is: a margin of safety of 20-30% for stable businesses, 30-50% for cyclical businesses, and over 50% for distressed or turnaround situations.

    🎙️ Master's Voice

    We insist on a margin of safety in our purchase price. If we calculate the value of a common stock to be only slightly higher than its price, we're not interested in buying.
    The margin of safety concept comes from Ben Graham. Buffett applies it religiously. When he estimates a company is worth $100 per share, he won't buy at $90. He wants to pay $60 or less. This gap protects against errors in his analysis and unforeseen problems.

    ⚔️ Practical Guide

    ✅ Decision Checklist

    • Is there a significant margin of safety?
    • How wrong can I be and still make money?
    • What discount am I getting to intrinsic value?
    • Is the margin of safety appropriate for the risk?

    📋 Action Steps

    1. Require at least 25-30% margin of safety
    2. Adjust margin for business quality
    3. Be patient for prices that provide margin
    4. Walk away if margin is insufficient

    🚨 Warning Signs

    • Buying at fair value with no margin
    • Reducing margin requirements for "great" companies
    • Paying up because you like the story
    • No concept of margin of safety

    ⚠️ Common Pitfalls

    ✕Margin of safety is not about buying cheap goods—it is the gap between the purchase price and intrinsic value.
    ✕A good company also requires a margin of safety—it can be relatively small, but must not be absent.

    📚 Case Studies

    1
    Graham Net-Net Investing (1992)
    Buying stocks at prices below their net current assets offers an extremely high margin of safety.
    ✨ Outcome：Demonstrates the principle in practice.
    2
    2008 Investment in Goldman Sachs (2008)
    Purchased preferred shares at $115 per share, with attached warrants.
    ✨ Outcome：The intrinsic margin of safety comprises a 10% dividend yield plus the upside potential from subscribing to common shares.

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