📖Ray Dalio
Global Diversification
Diversify globally to reduce country-specific risks.
Don't concentrate your investments in one country or currency. The world is interconnected but not perfectly correlated, which creates diversification benefits.
🏠 Everyday Analogy
📖 Core Interpretation
Ray Dalio views portfolio construction as risk architecture. Allocation, position sizing, and rebalancing rules determine whether you can stay disciplined across market regimes.
💎 Key Insight：Global diversification provides protection no single market can.
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❓ Why It Matters
Without portfolio rules, decisions become reactive and concentrated. Sustainable returns come from controllable risk exposure, not one-off bets.
🎯 How to Practice
Set target allocation by risk tolerance, rebalance by rules rather than headlines, and prevent hidden concentration from dominating portfolio behavior.
⚠️ Common Pitfalls
Diversifying superficially without true risk balance
Skipping rebalancing rules and drifting style
Judging portfolio health by short-term returns only
📚 Case Studies
1
Enron’s Off–Balance-Sheet Deception (2001)
Enron used opaque special purpose entities to hide debt and inflate earnings. Management, auditors, and some bankers knew of the structures but kept details from investors, employees, and even many directors. For years, enormous effort went into maintaining the illusion of strong profits and low leverage.
✨ Outcome：Enron collapsed into bankruptcy, wiping out shareholders and employee pensions and sending executives to prison. The scandal spurred Sarbanes–Oxley reforms. The case shows that secrecy consumes resources, destroys internal culture, and ultimately harms everyone when reality finally surfaces.
2
Buffett Backs Seabury Stanton Over Believable Analysts (1957)
In the late 1950s, young Warren Buffett bought Dempster Mill shares largely on the bullish assurances of CEO Seabury Stanton, despite skeptical assessments from more experienced analysts who doubted the business quality and management. Buffett effectively overweighted Stanton’s optimistic view and underweighted the track records of more seasoned, dispassionate observers.
✨ Outcome：Dempster Mill badly underperformed, forcing Buffett into a protracted restructuring. He later cited it as a mistake in not properly weighing the credibility of opinions, reinforcing his shift toward Graham-style, evidence-based and later Munger-influenced qualitative judgments.
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