📖John Bogle
Process-Oriented Investing
Good process outperforms lucky outcomes over time.
Focus on process, not outcomes. A good process can produce bad outcomes in the short run, but will generate superior results over time.
🏠 Everyday Analogy
📖 Core Interpretation
John Bogle sees markets as cyclical rather than linear. Understanding cycle position improves risk-taking decisions more than trying to call exact tops and bottoms.
💎 Key Insight：Process discipline is more reliable than chasing results.
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❓ Why It Matters
Ignoring cycles repeats the same mistakes: excessive optimism at peaks and excessive pessimism near troughs. Context matters for position sizing.
🎯 How to Practice
Monitor credit, valuation, earnings, and sentiment signals; reduce aggressiveness in euphoric phases and preserve flexibility in fearful phases.
⚠️ Common Pitfalls
Treating short rebounds as full cycle turns
Extrapolating peak conditions indefinitely
Becoming maximally defensive near valuation troughs
📚 Case Studies
1
Long-Term Capital Management’s Collapse (2001)
Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM), led by star traders and Nobel laureates, earned high returns using heavy leverage and complex derivatives. Rather than moderating risk after early success, the fund kept increasing position sizes to chase more profit. When Russia defaulted in 1998, LTCM’s overleveraged bets unraveled, threatening the global financial system and forcing a Federal Reserve–brokered bailout.
✨ Outcome：LTCM’s partners lost most of their wealth and reputations. The case shows that without a clear sense of “enough,” even brilliant investors can let leverage and ambition destroy what they’ve already achieved.
2
Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme (2008)
Bernie Madoff, once a respected market maker and former NASDAQ chairman, ran a decades-long Ponzi scheme promising steady, above-market returns. Already wealthy and influential, he nonetheless kept expanding the fraud, taking in billions from individuals, charities, and institutions. When the 2008 crisis provoked mass redemption requests, the scheme collapsed because there were no real underlying investments.
✨ Outcome：Madoff received a 150-year prison sentence; many investors were financially ruined. His refusal to accept “enough” turned great success into catastrophic criminal failure, illustrating how greed can erase both fortune and legacy.
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