📖Benjamin Graham

Simple Portfolio

🌱 Beginner★★★★★

Invest fixed amounts at regular intervals through dollar-cost averaging to remove emotion from the process.

💬

The simplest policy for the defensive investor is to invest a fixed amount at regular intervals.

— _The Intelligent Investor_，1949

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Just as one might set aside a fixed amount of money each month to buy rice—regardless of whether the price rises or falls—by consistently purchasing the same monetary value of rice each month, you buy less when prices are high and more when prices are low, achieving the optimal average cost over the long term. The same principle applies to investing: regularly investing a fixed amount allows time and compound interest to work in your favor.

📖 Core Interpretation

Dollar-cost averaging is the simplest and most effective strategy for defensive investors.
💎 Key Insight：Dollar-cost averaging is the simplest antidote to market timing. By investing a fixed sum regularly regardless of price, you automatically buy more shares when prices are low and fewer when high. This mechanical discipline removes the paralysis of trying to find the perfect entry point.

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❓ Why It Matters

Dollar-cost averaging smooths out the purchase cost and avoids timing errors.

🎯 How to Practice

Set a fixed amount and invest regularly on a monthly or quarterly basis.

🎙️ Master's Voice

The defensive investor will place chief emphasis on the avoidance of serious mistakes or losses.
Graham's defensive strategy prioritized avoiding losses over maximizing gains. Safety of principal was the primary goal.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Am I avoiding serious mistakes?
  • Is loss avoidance my priority?
  • Am I being defensive?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Prioritize loss avoidance
  2. Be conservative
  3. Accept lower returns for safety

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Taking excessive risk
  • Ignoring potential losses
  • Overreaching for returns

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕Dollar-cost averaging does not guarantee profits.
✕However, the long-term results have been favorable.

📚 Case Studies

1
Pre-Crash Speculation (1929)
An investor holds a concentrated stock portfolio during the late-1920s boom, ignoring valuation and margin-of-safety principles.
✨ Outcome：Portfolio falls over 80% after the 1929 crash, illustrating the danger of speculation and lack of diversification.
2
Nifty Fifty Overvaluation (1973)
An investor buys glamorous growth stocks at very high P/E ratios, assuming quality justifies any price.
✨ Outcome：During the 1973–1974 bear market, many Nifty Fifty stocks drop over 50%, validating Graham’s warnings about overpaying for growth.

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