📖Benjamin Graham

Voting vs Weighing Machine

🌿 Intermediate★★★★★

Short-term prices reflect popular opinion, but long-term prices ultimately reflect actual business fundamentals.

💬

In the short run, the market is a voting machine. In the long run, it is a weighing machine.

— _Security Analysis_，1934

🏠 Everyday Analogy

The stock market is like a combination of a beauty pageant and a weighing scale. In the short term, stock prices resemble votes in a beauty contest, driven entirely by public preferences and emotional fluctuations. Over the long term, however, the stock market functions like a precise weighing scale, ultimately measuring the true substance of each company. No amount of attractive packaging can conceal its intrinsic weight.

📖 Core Interpretation

In the short term, the market is driven by sentiment and popularity, while in the long term, it reflects intrinsic value.
💎 Key Insight：This is Graham's most cited metaphor. In the short term, prices are driven by narratives, momentum, and emotion. Over time, the weight of earnings, dividends, and asset values asserts itself. Patient investors who buy based on fundamentals will eventually be rewarded when the weighing machine takes over.

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❓ Why It Matters

This explains why short-term prices may deviate from value, but will revert over the long term.

🎯 How to Practice

Focus on long-term value rather than short-term price fluctuations, and capitalize on short-term mispricing for profit.

🎙️ Master's Voice

Mr. Market is there to serve you, not to guide you.
Graham emphasized that the market exists to provide liquidity, not wisdom. Its prices are offers, not verdicts.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Am I using the market or being guided by it?
  • Is the market serving me?
  • Am I independent?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Use market for liquidity
  2. Don't follow market guidance
  3. Stay independent

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Market as guide
  • Following prices
  • Dependent on market

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕The long term can be very long.
✕Requires sufficient patience and capital.

📚 Case Studies

1
Dot-Com Bubble Hype (2000)
High-flying tech stocks with no earnings soared on momentum and media attention, driven by investor enthusiasm rather than business fundamentals.
✨ Outcome：Many collapsed 80–100%; patient investors in profitable, undervalued firms outside the bubble later outperformed as fundamentals reasserted themselves.
2
Apple Post-iPhone Mania (2013)
After rapid iPhone-fueled growth, Apple’s stock sold off on fears of slowing innovation despite strong cash flows, brand strength, and fortress balance sheet.
✨ Outcome：Fundamentally driven investors who bought during pessimism saw substantial gains as earnings and buybacks lifted the stock over subsequent years.

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