📖Benjamin Graham

Avoid Losses

🌳 Advanced★★★★☆

Capital preservation must be your absolute first priority because losses require disproportionate gains to recover.

💬

The first rule of investment is don't lose. And the second rule is don't forget the first rule.

— _Security Analysis_，1934

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Investing is like crossing a river. It is better to take a longer route via a stone bridge than to take a shortcut by stepping on thin ice. The stone bridge may be slower, but it is safe; thin ice may be faster, but it could plunge you into an icy abyss. Wise investors always prioritize the safety of their principal over chasing maximum returns.

📖 Core Interpretation

The first rule of investment is to never lose money. The second rule is to never forget the first rule.
💎 Key Insight：The mathematics of loss is unforgiving: a 50% loss requires a 100% gain to break even. Graham's emphasis on not losing reflects a profound understanding of compounding. Protecting capital in downturns matters more than capturing every upturn, because survival is the prerequisite for long-term wealth creation.

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❓ Why It Matters

A 50% loss requires a 100% gain to break even, illustrating the asymmetric impact of losses.

🎯 How to Practice

Invest only when there is a margin of safety; it is better to miss an opportunity than to take unnecessary risks.

🎙️ Master's Voice

The individual investor should act consistently as an investor and not as a speculator.
Graham distinguishes between investing and speculating. Investors focus on underlying value; speculators focus on price movements. Acting consistently as an investor means always basing decisions on value.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Am I investing or speculating?
  • Is this decision based on value or price movement?
  • Am I consistent in my approach?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Always base decisions on value analysis
  2. Avoid speculation disguised as investment
  3. Be consistent in your investment approach

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Speculating while claiming to invest
  • Decisions based on price movements
  • Inconsistent approach

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕It does not mean that losses will never occur.
✕It means not taking on unnecessary risks.

📚 Case Studies

1
Sequoia Fund and Berkshire Hathaway’s Discipline (1973)
In the early 1970s, amid the Nifty Fifty craze, many institutions paid extreme prices for “one-decision” growth stocks. The Sequoia Fund, closely aligned with Warren Buffett’s value principles and heavily invested in Berkshire Hathaway, refused to chase overvalued favorites, holding cash and a concentrated set of undervalued positions instead.
✨ Outcome：When the 1973–74 bear market crushed glamour stocks by 60–80%, Sequoia and Berkshire declined far less and recovered faster. The lesson: by refusing to overpay and guarding against permanent capital loss, investors preserve the ability to compound when markets recover.
2
Buffett Walks Away from the 1990s Tech Mania (1992)
From the mid‑1990s, technology and dot‑com stocks soared. Buffett publicly admitted he didn’t understand many new tech businesses and avoided them despite intense pressure and underperformance versus the NASDAQ. Berkshire stuck to businesses with durable economics and clear intrinsic value.
✨ Outcome：When the dot‑com bubble burst in 2000–2002, the NASDAQ fell ~78%, wiping out many investors. Berkshire suffered far smaller declines and then outperformed. Lesson: refusing to invest outside one’s circle of competence, even if it means lagging temporarily, helps avoid large, irrecoverable losses.

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