📖Charlie Munger

Capital Allocation

🌿 Intermediate★★★★★

A stock cannot permanently outperform the business that underlies it.

💬

Over the long term, it's hard for a stock to earn a much better return than the business which underlies it earns.

— Berkshire Hathaway Letter to Shareholders，1992

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Like a farmer who, after earning money from farming, must decide whether to buy more fertile land to expand cultivation, speculate by purchasing property in the city, or deposit the money in a bank to earn interest. Different choices determine whether he becomes a major landowner ten years later or remains with only a few acres of poor land. Corporate management is that farmer, and capital allocation is the decision on where to invest the profits earned.

📖 Core Interpretation

How a company uses the money it earns is more important than how much it earns. Capital allocation determines long-term returns.
💎 Key Insight：In the short run, stock prices can decouple from business performance due to sentiment, momentum, or speculation. But over 10+ years, stock returns converge to business returns. This means the single most important question is: how will this business perform economically over the next decade? If the business compounds at 15%, the stock will eventually reflect that.

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❓ Why It Matters

Sound capital allocation creates compound interest, while poor capital allocation destroys value.

🎯 How to Practice

Analyze the reinvestment rate of return, dividend policy, share repurchase decisions, and merger and acquisition track record.

🎙️ Master's Voice

The best thing a human being can do is to help another human being know more.
Munger has spent decades teaching through Berkshire meetings, speeches, and conversations. He believes sharing knowledge creates compounding benefits for society.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Am I sharing what I learn?
  • Do I teach to deepen my understanding?
  • Am I building a learning community?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Write about your investment lessons
  2. Mentor others in your circle
  3. Share mistakes as openly as successes

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Hoarding knowledge competitively
  • Learning without teaching
  • Refusing to admit what you have learned

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕Not all cash should be returned to shareholders.
✕Sometimes it is wiser to hold cash and wait for opportunities.

📚 Case Studies

1
Blue Chip Stamps Investment (1972)
Munger’s partnership invested heavily in Blue Chip Stamps, a trading-stamp business with significant float and undervalued assets.
✨ Outcome：Capital was later allocated into See’s Candies and other businesses, compounding returns and illustrating superior redeployment of float.
2
Acquisition of See’s Candies (1972)
Munger and Buffett used Blue Chip Stamps’ capital to buy See’s Candies, paying above book value for a durable brand and strong pricing power.
✨ Outcome：See’s generated high returns on incremental capital, funding Berkshire’s future investments and exemplifying disciplined, high‑quality capital allocation.

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