📖Charlie Munger

Confirmation Bias

🌿 Intermediate★★★★★

Once we form a belief, our brain selectively seeks evidence that confirms it while ignoring contradictions.

💬

The human mind is a lot like the human egg. When one sperm gets in, it shuts down so the next one can't get in.

— Psychology of Human Misjudgment，1995

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Just as when viewing a desirable property, one may focus only on its strengths (good location, new renovations) while turning a blind eye to its flaws (excessive noise, poor lighting)—only to regret the purchase later. Similarly, when investing, we often fixate on positive news while overlooking warning signs of risk.

📖 Core Interpretation

People tend to seek out information that supports their existing views while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence.
💎 Key Insight：Confirmation bias is the investor's deadliest blind spot. After buying a stock, you naturally notice positive news and dismiss negatives. Munger combats this by actively seeking disconfirming evidence — he tries to destroy his own investment theses. If a thesis survives determined attacks, it's probably sound. Force yourself to read the bear case before buying anything.

AI Deep Analysis

Get personalized insights and practical guidance through AI conversation

❓ Why It Matters

Confirmation bias is the most prevalent cognitive trap, leading to the entrenchment of erroneous decisions.

🎯 How to Practice

Actively seek out evidence that contradicts your own views and cultivate the habit of "killing your own ideas."

🎙️ Master's Voice

Envy is a really stupid sin because it's the only one you could never possibly have any fun at.
Munger sees envy as purely destructive. It brings no pleasure but drives terrible investment decisions as people chase others' returns.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Am I envious of others' returns?
  • Is envy driving my decisions?
  • Am I comparing myself unhealthily?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Focus on your own goals
  2. Stop comparing to others
  3. Be grateful for your progress

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Chasing others' returns
  • Unhealthy comparisons
  • Envy-driven decisions

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕Even knowing this bias, it is difficult to overcome it entirely.
✕Deliberate practice of thinking in reverse is required.

📚 Case Studies

1
Dot-com Bubble Tech Stocks (1999)
Investors focused only on bullish analyst reports and rising prices, ignoring warnings about valuations and lack of profits in many internet companies.
✨ Outcome：When the bubble burst in 2000–2002, many tech stocks fell over 80%, permanently impairing capital for investors who ignored contrary evidence.
2
Housing Bubble & Financial Stocks (2007)
Investors relied on years of rising home prices and reassuring bank statements, dismissing data on subprime defaults and leverage in mortgage-backed securities.
✨ Outcome：In 2008–2009, major financial stocks collapsed, some to near-zero, inflicting massive losses on shareholders anchored to prior optimistic beliefs.

See how masters handle real scenarios?

30 real investment dilemmas answered by legendary investors

Explore Scenarios →