📖Ray Dalio
Expected Value Calculation
Use expected value to make rational decisions.
Raising the probability of being right is valuable no matter what your probability already is. I make my decisions based on expected value calculations.
🏠 Everyday Analogy
📖 Core Interpretation
In Expected Value Calculation, Ray Dalio focuses on the gap between price and value. Returns come from paying less than what a business is worth, not from guessing short-term market moves.
💎 Key Insight：Weight outcomes by probability for better decisions.
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❓ Why It Matters
Ignoring valuation turns even good companies into poor investments. Overpaying compresses future returns and leaves little margin when assumptions are wrong.
🎯 How to Practice
Estimate intrinsic value with conservative assumptions, set clear buy ranges, and act only when price offers a meaningful discount with acceptable downside.
⚠️ Common Pitfalls
Confusing a low price with true cheapness
Using one metric without business context
Overly optimistic assumptions that erase margin of safety
📚 Case Studies
1
Soros & Druckenmiller’s Tech Bubble Introspection (1998)
Stanley Druckenmiller, managing money for George Soros, shorted overvalued tech stocks in 1999, convinced the bubble would burst. After losses, he reversed and went long near the peak, driven partly by ego and crowd pressure. When the bubble collapsed in 2000, he suffered large losses.
✨ Outcome：Druckenmiller later admitted he ignored his own analysis and was swayed by emotion and narrative. Lesson: radical open-mindedness includes questioning your own switches in conviction and recognizing how ego and herding can blind you to underlying fundamentals.
2
Procter & Gamble vs. Bankers Trust Derivatives Scandal (1994)
In the early 1990s, Bankers Trust sold complex derivatives to Procter & Gamble. Internal Bankers Trust recordings later revealed employees joking about how little P&G understood the risks. These tapes, initially hidden, came out in litigation after P&G suffered large losses, exposing a culture of opacity and manipulation.
✨ Outcome：The scandal damaged both firms, led to large settlements, and Bankers Trust’s eventual sale. It became a classic warning: hiding true risks and intentions erodes trust, drains energy in legal battles, and ultimately destroys long‑term business value.
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