📖Charlie Munger

Excessive Self-Regard Tendency

🌿 Intermediate★★★★★

We all think we are above average — a delusion that leads to overconfidence and poor risk management.

💬

The general antidote for self-serving bias is to consider ourselves less special than we think we are.

— Psychology of Human Misjudgment，1995

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Just as most drivers believe they are above-average behind the wheel—though statistics show 90% consider themselves better than the median, a mathematical impossibility—so too do investors often believe they can outperform the market. In reality, however, most fail to even keep pace with the index.

📖 Core Interpretation

People tend to overestimate their own abilities, knowledge, and predictive accuracy.
💎 Key Insight：90% of drivers think they're above average. Similarly, most investors believe they can beat the market. This self-regard tendency causes overtrading, underestimation of risk, and dismissal of contradicting evidence. Munger's antidote is deliberate humility: assume you're wrong, seek disconfirming evidence, and size positions as if your analysis might be flawed.

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❓ Why It Matters

Overconfidence is one of the primary causes of investment failure, leading to excessive trading and over-concentration.

🎯 How to Practice

Record predictions and track their accuracy, establishing a feedback mechanism to correct overconfidence.

🎙️ Master's Voice

Show me the incentive and I will show you the outcome.
Munger believes incentives drive almost all behavior. Understanding incentives predicts outcomes better than intentions or words.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • What are the incentives?
  • How are people rewarded?
  • Do incentives align with good outcomes?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Map incentives in every situation
  2. Prefer aligned incentives
  3. Be wary of misaligned incentives

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Ignoring incentives
  • Misaligned reward structures
  • Trusting words over incentives

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕Moderate confidence is necessary.
✕Excessive self-doubt can also lead to missed opportunities.

📚 Case Studies

1
Dot-Com Bubble Overconfidence (2000)
Many tech executives and investors believed their companies were invincible, ignoring lack of profits and extreme valuations.
✨ Outcome：NASDAQ collapsed ~78% from 2000–2002; overconfident investors suffered massive permanent losses.
2
Elon Musk vs. Short Sellers (Tesla) (2017)
Musk’s high confidence led him to dismiss critics and short sellers, tweeting bold forecasts and timelines despite frequent delays.
✨ Outcome：Stock was extremely volatile; early overconfident bears were squeezed, but some overconfident bulls also faced sharp drawdowns.

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