📖Warren Buffett

Intrinsic Value

🌿 Intermediate★★★★★

Intrinsic value is the only rational benchmark for investment decisions.

💬

Intrinsic value is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life.

— 1994 Berkshire Hathaway Letter to Shareholders，1994

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Just like buying a fruit tree, what you should calculate is not how much the tree is worth today, but how many fruits it will bear in the future and what that is worth after adjusting for inflation. The same applies to stocks: you should focus on how much real cash flow the company will generate in the future and what that is worth when discounted to today’s value.

📖 Core Interpretation

Intrinsic value is the present value of the cash flows a business is expected to generate over its remaining lifespan. This is the only logical approach to evaluating any investment.
💎 Key Insight：Buffett defines intrinsic value as the total discounted cash a business will generate over its lifetime. This isn't a precise number but a range. The discipline lies in estimating conservatively and only buying when the price is meaningfully below that range — ensuring a margin of safety against your own estimation errors.

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❓ Why It Matters

Calculating intrinsic value requires: 1. Forecasting future free cash flows, 2. Selecting an appropriate discount rate, and 3. Estimating the company's going-concern period.

🎯 How to Practice

Warren Buffett uses long-term government bond rates as the benchmark for the discount rate, preferring to directly reflect risks in cash flow projections (through conservative estimates) rather than applying a high discount rate.

🎙️ Master's Voice

Intrinsic value is an all-important concept that offers the only logical approach to evaluating the relative attractiveness of investments and businesses.
Buffett spends most of his analytical time estimating intrinsic value—the present value of all cash a business will generate over its lifetime. Everything else—price movements, analyst opinions, market trends—is noise compared to this fundamental calculation.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Have I estimated intrinsic value?
  • What are my key assumptions?
  • How sensitive is value to my assumptions?
  • Am I using the right discount rate?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Learn DCF (discounted cash flow) analysis
  2. Estimate owner earnings for each investment
  3. Test sensitivity to key assumptions
  4. Compare your value estimate to market price

🚨 Warning Signs

  • No intrinsic value calculation
  • Using price targets from others
  • Ignoring cash flow analysis
  • Making decisions without valuation

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕Intrinsic value cannot be precisely calculated—it is an estimated range. "It is better to be vaguely right than precisely wrong."
✕P/E, P/B, and similar metrics are not intrinsic value—they are merely reference indicators for valuation.

📚 Case Studies

1
See's Candies (1972)
Acquired for USD 25 million, with a pre-tax profit of USD 4 million at the time.
✨ Outcome：By 2022, See's Candies had cumulatively contributed over $2 billion in cash to Berkshire Hathaway.
💡 Lesson：Brand pricing power can endure for decades.

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