📖Warren Buffett

Price vs. Value

🌱 Beginner★★★★★

The core lesson of value investing: separate market price from intrinsic business value.

💬

Price is what you pay, value is what you get. They are not the same thing.

— 2008 Berkshire Hathaway Letter to Shareholders，2008

🏠 Everyday Analogy

Just like buying a house, the listed price is the number set by the developer, but the true value depends on location, quality, and appreciation potential. The same house might be bid up to sky-high prices in a bull market or drop below cost in a bear market, but the living value and location advantages of the house itself have not changed. Smart buyers strike when price is below value.

📖 Core Interpretation

Price is the number the market gives every day, driven by supply and demand, sentiment, and short-term news. Value is what a business is truly worth, determined by its long-term earning power, competitive advantages, and management quality. Smart investors always distinguish between these two concepts.
💎 Key Insight：Wall Street fixates on price movements, but Buffett focuses on what a business is actually worth. Price fluctuates with sentiment; value is determined by future cash flows. The gap between the two is where profits are made — buy when price is well below value, and patience does the rest.

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❓ Why It Matters

Buffett wrote this during the 2008 financial crisis when panic caused many quality company stocks to plunge over 50%, yet their intrinsic values did not decline proportionally.

🎯 How to Practice

Buy when price is far below value, sell or hold cash when price is far above value. Mr. Market knocks on your door daily with quotes, but you have no obligation to trade every day.

🎙️ Master's Voice

Price is what you pay. Value is what you get.
This simple distinction is the foundation of value investing. When Buffett bought the Washington Post in 1973, the market priced it at $80 million. By his calculation, the company was worth $400 million. He bought at a massive discount to intrinsic value and held for decades.

⚔️ Practical Guide

✅ Decision Checklist

  • Have I calculated intrinsic value independent of market price?
  • Is there a significant gap between price and value?
  • Am I buying value or paying for hope?
  • Can I defend my valuation with facts?

📋 Action Steps

  1. Calculate intrinsic value before looking at price
  2. Use multiple valuation methods
  3. Only buy at a meaningful discount to value
  4. Update your valuations regularly

🚨 Warning Signs

  • Buying because the price is rising
  • No independent valuation
  • Paying more than intrinsic value
  • Confusing price momentum with value

⚠️ Common Pitfalls

✕Cheap stocks are not necessarily valuable - what matters is the discount of price relative to intrinsic value
✕A falling price does not mean declining value - distinguish between market sentiment and fundamental changes

📚 Case Studies

1
2008 Financial Crisis (2008)
Coca-Cola stock fell to historic lows, but its brand value, global distribution network, and pricing power remained intact
✨ Outcome：Buffett held on and later earned substantial returns
2
2020 Pandemic Panic (2020)
Apple stock dropped 35% due to pandemic panic
✨ Outcome：iPhone user stickiness and service revenue growth trends unchanged - an excellent buying opportunity

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